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| 800 |
| | | In St Peter's in Rome, on Christmas Day, pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor - supposedly to Charlemagne's surprise | |
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| 805 |
| | | Pope Leo III consecrates Charlemagne's new palace chapel in Aachen, modelled on San Vitale in Ravenna | |
|  | Aachen Cathedral, Rotunda and Ambulatory
Fotofile CG
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| 962 |
| | | The imperial coronation of Otto I by Pope John XII in St Peter's puts in place the formal role of a Holy Roman emperor | |
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| c. 1001 |
| | | Pope Sylvester II, according to tradition, sends a sacred crown for the coronation of Hungary's first king, St Stephen | |
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| 1054 |
| | | A papal delegate (from Leo IX) excommunicates Cerularius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the delegate is excommunicated in retaliation, launching a lasting East-West Schism | |
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| 1075 |
| | | Pope Gregory VII decrees that only the church may make ecclesiastical appointments, thus initiating the investiture controversy between pope and emperor | |
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| 1077 |
| | | The emperor Henry IV stands as a penitent outside the pope's castle at Canossa, so as to be released from excommunication. | |
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| 1095 |
| | | Pope Urban II preaches the first crusade, urging the Christians of Europe to march east to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims | |
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| 1113 |
| | | The Knights of St John of Jerusalem become an established order under papal protection | |
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| 1139 |
| | | Pope Innocent III and the second Lateran council outlaw the crossbow as a weapon causing unacceptable devastation | |
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