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| 49 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar moves fast to drive Pompey's supporters from Italy and to crush forces loyal to him in Spain | |
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| 46 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar goes to Africa to confront the remainder of Pompey's forces, and defeats them at Thapsus – but two of Pompey's sons escape to Spain | |
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| 45 BC |
| | | In the final act of his long struggle with supporters of Pompey, Julius Caesar defeats their last survivors at Munda in Spain | |
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| 69 |
| | | A rebellion in Spain prompts such chaos that Rome has four emperors within a year, after the suicide of Nero in 68 | |
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| c. 105 |
| | | A bridge is built over the river Tagus at Alcántara and stands today as a fine example of Roman technology | |
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| 406 |
| | | The Vandals cross the Rhine into Gaul and move into Spain, from which the Visigoths soon push them on into Africa | |
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| c. 550 |
| | | Most of Spain is by now in the hands of the Visigoths, though for a while the Byzantines win back territories in the south | |
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| 711 |
| | | Muslim Arabs cross from north Africa into Spain and drive the Visigoths from Toledo | |
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| 718 |
| | | Retreating from the Arab onslaught, the Visigoths establish a kingdom of last resort in the extreme north of Spain, in Asturias | |
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| 756 |
| | | Abd-ar-Rahman, escaping from the massacre of his family in Syria, establishes a new Umayyad dynasty at Cordoba | |
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