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| 241 BC |
| | | At the end of the First Punic War, Sicily becomes Rome's first overseas province | |
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| c. 240 BC |
| | | Spain, with its mines of gold, silver and copper, is a hotly disputed region between Carthage and Rome | |
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| 227 BC |
| | | Sardinia and Corsica are annexed by Rome, becoming the second Roman overseas province | |
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| c. 225 BC |
| | | A treaty defines the Ebro river as the Spanish boundary between Carthage and Rome | |
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| 216 BC |
| | | Hannibal destroys a Roman army at Cannae, in the most severe defeat ever suffered by Rome | |
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| 201 BC |
| | | Carthaginian Spain is handed over to Rome to become two new provinces, at the end of the Second Punic War | |
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| c. 160 BC |
| | | The Roman statesman Cato the Elder writes Origines ('Origins'), a history of Rome which survives only in fragments | |
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| 149 BC |
| | | Rome picks a quarrel with Carthage to begin the Third Punic War | |
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| 139 BC |
| | | A secret ballot is instituted for Roman citizens, who mark their vote on a tablet and place it in an urn | |
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| c. 100 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar is born into a patrician Roman family | |
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