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| 264 BC |
| | | A clash in Sicily, between Rome and Carthage, leads to the First Punic War | |
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| 264 BC |
| | | The first gladiatorial contests in Rome are part of the entertainment at a funeral, and soon become popular | |
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| 260 BC |
| | | A Carthaginian quinquereme, captured by the Romans, is used as the model for the first Roman fleet - constructed in two months | |
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| 260 BC |
| | | The new Roman fleet wins a decisive victory over the Carthaginians at Mylae, thanks largely to the 'raven' (corvus in Latin) | |
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| c. 250 BC |
| | | The Romans evolve a system of numerals which, until the end of the Middle Ages, is a handicap to western arithmetic | |
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| c. 250 BC |
| | | To help the king of Syracuse extract water from the hold of a ship (so the story goes), Archimedes invents the screw now known by his name | |
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| 241 BC |
| | | A Roman naval victory at Trapani, off the northwest tip of Sicily, completes the blockade of the Carthaginians and ends the First Punic War | |
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| 241 BC |
| | | At the end of the First Punic War, Sicily becomes Rome's first overseas province | |
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| 227 BC |
| | | Sardinia and Corsica are annexed by Rome, becoming the second Roman overseas province | |
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| 218 BC |
| | | Hannibal crosses the Alps with his elephants, beginning the Second Punic War | |
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