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| 399 BC |
| | | Socrates, convicted in Athens of impiety, is sentenced to death and drinks the hemlock | |
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| 387 BC |
| | | Plato establishes a school in Akademeia, a suburb of Athens | |
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| c. 380 BC |
| | | Central to Plato's philosophy is the theory that there are higher Forms of reality, of which our senses perceive only a transient shadow | |
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| 367 BC |
| | | Aristotle, at the age of seventeen, comes to Athens to join Plato's academy | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | | The brutal philosophy of Legalism contributes to the decline of the Zhou dynasty | |
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| c. 330 BC |
| | | Aristotle tackles wide-ranging subjects on a systematic basis, leaving to his successors an encyclopedia of contemporary thought | |
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| c. 170 |
| | | Marcus Aurelius is rare among emperors in writing twelve books of philosophical Meditations | |
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| c. 244 |
| | | Plotinus, moving from Alexandria to Rome, teaches the influential philosophy later known as Neo-Platonism | |
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| c. 413 |
| | | Prompted by the fall of Rome to the Visigoths, St Augustine undertakes a great work of Christian philosophy, the City of God | |
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| c. 525 |
| | | Boethius, in prison in Pavia and awaiting execution, writes the Consolation of Philosophy | |
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