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| c. 440 BC |
| | | Under Pericles, colonies and garrisons are established in strategic areas with the colonists remaining Athenian citizens | |
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| c. 440 BC |
| | | An extensive trading network, backed up by force, gives Athens control over the whole of the Aegean and the Black Sea | |
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| 423 BC |
| | | Socrates is now sufficiently prominent to be satirized in Clouds, a comedy by Aristophanes | |
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| 433 BC |
| | | Pericles breaches his own Thirty Years Treaty, sending 30 triremes in support of a city state in dispute with Corinth, an ally of Sparta | |
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| 433 BC |
| | | Sparta demands withdrawal of the Athenian ships from the Peloponnesian coast, but Pericles will offer only independent arbitration | |
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| 431 BC |
| | | A sudden attack on Plataea (an ally of Athens) by Thebes (an ally of Sparta) begins the Second Peloponnesian War | |
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| 431 BC |
| | | The renewal of the Peloponnesian War prompts Thucydides to begin a great work of contemporary history | |
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| c. 430 BC |
| | | Siddartha Gautama, a prince in Nepal, leaves home to become a wandering ascetic | |
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| c. 430v |
| | | Phidias creates a massive statue of Zeus, covered in gold and ivory, to stand in the temple at Olympia | |
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| 430 BC |
| | | A plague strikes Athens in the second year of the Peloponnesian War | |
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