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| c. 450 BC |
| | | The Sophists, professional philosophers, travel round Greece educating the sons of the rich | |
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| 423 BC |
| | | Socrates is now sufficiently prominent to be satirized in Clouds, a comedy by Aristophanes | |
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| 431 BC |
| | | The renewal of the Peloponnesian War prompts Thucydides to begin a great work of contemporary history | |
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| c. 425 BC |
| | | Aristophanes wins first prize in Athens for his comedy The Acharnians | |
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| 401 BC |
| | | Greek mercenaries, on the losing side at Cunaxa, begin a long journey home - described by Xenophon in the Anabasis | |
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| 399 BC |
| | | Socrates, convicted in Athens of impiety, is sentenced to death and drinks the hemlock | |
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| 387 BC |
| | | Plato establishes a school in Akademeia, a suburb of Athens | |
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| c. 380 BC |
| | | Central to Plato's philosophy is the theory that there are higher Forms of reality, of which our senses perceive only a transient shadow | |
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| 367 BC |
| | | Aristotle, at the age of seventeen, comes to Athens to join Plato's academy | |
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| c. 330 BC |
| | | Aristotle tackles wide-ranging subjects on a systematic basis, leaving to his successors an encyclopedia of contemporary thought | |
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