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| c. 529 BC |
| | | The Greek mathematician Pythagoras establishes himself, along with his followers, in southern Italy | |
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| 510 BC |
| | | According to legend, the Etruscans are driven from Rome by popular outrage after the rape of Lucretia by Sextus Tarquinius | |
|  | Etruscan sarcophagus
Fotofile CG
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| 510 BC |
| | | The Roman senate becomes an executive body with two of its members elected annually as consuls, or joint heads of state | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The followers of Pythagoras discover the mathematical basis of the octave | |
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| c. 450 BC |
| | | The followers of Pythagoras maintain that the earth revolves on its own axis and moves in an orbit | |
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| 409 BC |
| | | A Carthaginian army lands near Marsala to begin the long involvement of Carthage in Sicily | |
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| 396 BC |
| | | The Romans capture the nearby Etruscan town of Veii, beginning a long process of territorial expansion | |
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| 390 BC |
| | | Celtic tribes , pushing south through the Alps, reach Rome and sack the city | |
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| 312 BC |
| | | The first Roman road, the Via Appia, links Rome with Capua | |
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| c. 300 BC |
| | | The flexibility of the Roman legion transforms the Greek phalanx into an even more effective fighting machine | |
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