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| c. 550 BC |
| | The city-states of the Peloponnese unite in a defensive league under Spartan leadership | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | Croesus builds a spectacular temple at Ephesus in honour of Artemis, or Diana | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | The murals of Etruscan tombs, such as the Tomb of the Lionesses in Tarquinia, give a lively glimpse of an earlier tradition in Greek art | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | Polo originates in the Persian empire, probably as part of the training of the imperial cavalry | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | An Etruscan dynasty rules in Rome and Etruscan influence is now dominant throughout central Italy | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | Indian medical theory maintains that the body consists of three humours - spirit, phlegm and bile | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | The hoplite - a Greek citizen, heavily armed in bronze and leather - proves a formidable fighting man | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | The phalanx, though not originally devised in Greece, is a devastating formation on the battlefield when composed of hoplites | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | K'ung-fu-tzu, or Confucius, teaches a practical philosophy which will profoundly influence Chinese history | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | Larache is founded as a Carthaginian colony on the Atlantic coast of Africa | |
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