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| c. -800 BC |
| | | The Assyrian army makes good use of the new technology by which iron can be hardened into steel suitable for weapons | |
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| c. -800 BC |
| | | The earliest surviving sundial is in use in Egypt | |
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| c. 515 BC |
| | | The Persian emperor Darius I constructs a canal linking the Nile to the Red Sea | |
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| 513 BC |
| | | The Chinese become the first people to cast iron, after developing a furnace which can reach a very high temperature | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The great network of roads built by Darius I has at its centre the 2000-mile royal road from Susa to Sardis | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | | The earliest description of a pulley appears in a Greek text | |
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| 312 BC |
| | | The first Roman road, the Via Appia, links Rome with Capua | |
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| c. 250 BC |
| | | To help the king of Syracuse extract water from the hold of a ship (so the story goes), Archimedes invents the screw now known by his name | |
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| c. 200 BC |
| | | Cement is in use for construction in Asia Minor, possibly developed first in Pergamum | |
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| c. 170 BC |
| | | Parchment is invented by Eumenes II, king of Pergamum, according to traditional accounts | |
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