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| c. 1050 BC |
| | Samson is one of many Hebrew chieftains fighting the Philistines for possession of Canaan | |
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| c. 1000 BC |
| | The Israelites are defeated by the Philistines on Mount Gilboa, with Saul and three of his sons dying during or after the battle | |
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| c. 1000 BC |
| | The nomadic fighters of the steppes, nimble on horseback and shooting arrows as they go, pioneer the techniques of cavalry warfare | |
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| -853 BC |
| | Gindibu brings 1000 Arab warriors on camels to do battle at Karkar (the first known reference to Arabs as a distinct group) | |
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| 612 BC |
| | The Babylonians defeat an Egyptian army at Carchemish, but do not press on into Egypt | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | The hoplite - a Greek citizen, heavily armed in bronze and leather - proves a formidable fighting man | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | The phalanx, though not originally devised in Greece, is a devastating formation on the battlefield when composed of hoplites | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | The Greek city states pioneer the use of citizen armies, made up of free men who bring their own fighting equipment | |
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| c. 545 BC |
| | Cyrus annexes the Greek territory of Ionia as part of his empire, giving Persia a presence on the Aegean | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | The 10,000 elite troops of the Persian empire, known as the Immortals, demonstrate the power of a professional standing army | |
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