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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | Oxen are the first draught animals, in use at this time in the Middle East and in Europe | |
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| c. 4000 BC |
| | | Beer is brewed in Mesopotamia, where barley is an indigenous crop | |
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| c. 3500 BC |
| | | Olives are cultivated in Crete and will provide, in the form of olive oil, one of the main staples of Mediterranean trade | |
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| c. 3250 BC |
| | | A neolithic herdsman dies high in the Alps - and is perfectly preserved in ice | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | The llama and the alpaca, two south American members of the camel family, are domesticated | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | Wheels are in use on carts, particularly where wood is easily available and the ground rough - as in the forests of Europe | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | On the steppes of central Asia tribesmen tame, breed and eventually ride horses | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | Oxen are given the heavy work of pulling the plough, previously done by men | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | The language of a single tribe in eastern Europe, as recently as 3000 BC, is the ancestor of all modern Indo-European languages | |
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| c. 3000 BC |
| | | The ass, until now roaming wild from northeast Africa to Mesopotamia, is domesticated in Egypt | |
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