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| c. 2000 BC |
| | | Bantu-speaking tribes begin to spread through Africa, from their original homelands south of the Sahara | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | | Africa south of the equatorial forests is largely inhabited by the Khoisan, of whom the San and the Hottentots are the modern survivors | |
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| c. 600 BC |
| | | Phoenicians sail round the Cape of Good Hope and bring back the surprising news that the sun was seen to the north of them | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | A trading centre at Mapungubwe, on the Limpopo, evolves into a state ruled by a king in a zimbabwe | |
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| c. 1250 |
| | | The kingdom of Great Zimbabwe displaces Mapungubwe as the dominant Shona power in this region of southern Africa | |
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| c. 1480 |
| | | The Maravi Confederacy is formed by Bantu tribes and soon wins control over a large region between Lake Nyasa and the Zambezi | |
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| 1488 |
| | | Bartolomeu Dias, sailing for the king of Portugal, becomes the first European navigator to round the Cape of Good Hope | |
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| 1498 |
| | | Vasco da Gama reaches the southern coast of India, at Calicut, after sailing across the Indian Ocean from east Africa | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | | The Portuguese establish trading posts in east Africa, on the coast of Mozambique | |
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| 1652 |
| | | Jan van Riebeeck establishes a Dutch settlement at the Cape of Good Hope | |
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