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| c. 2.2 to 1.4 million years ago |
| | | Homo Habilis, the earliest widely acknowledged species in the genus Homo, lives in East Africa with a brain size much greater than the contemporary Australopithecus Boisei | |
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| c. 1.85 million years ago |
| | | A hominid, nicknamed Twiggy and thought to be in the species Homo habilis, is living in East Africa | |
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| c. 1.8 million years ago |
| | | A species of human in east Africa, Homo erectus, is probably the first identifiable ancestor of modern man | |
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| 1.6 million years ago |
| | | A Homo erectus boy, aged about ten, lives near Lake Turkana in Kenya and dies at Nariokotome | |
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| c. 500,000 years ago |
| | | Fire is used in China by Peking man, and may have been in use much earlier in Africa | |
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| c. 5000 BC |
| | | The Sahara, damp enough for the hippopotamus, supports neolithic communities until it begins to dry up in about 3000 BC | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | | Bantu-speaking tribes begin to spread through Africa, from their original homelands south of the Sahara | |
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| c. 2000 BC |
| | | Africa south of the equatorial forests is largely inhabited by the Khoisan, of whom the San and the Hottentots are the modern survivors | |
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| c. 1630 BC |
| | | The Hyksos, arriving from the middle east, win control of Egypt and rule for a century | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The rulers of Aksum, the first Ethiopian kingdom, claim descent from Solomon and the Queen of Sheba | |
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