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| c. 4.4 million years ago |
| | Ardi, the earliest known individual of partially human type (or hominid), is of the species Ardipithecus, in the Awash valley region of Ethiopia | |
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| c. 3.6 million years old |
| | Two or three hominid individuals, probably Australopithecus Afarensis, walk upright through volcanic ash at Laetoli, 30 miles south of Olduvai Gorge, and their footprints are preserved within subsequent ash deposits | |
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| c. 3.2 million years ago |
| | A female of the species Australopithecus Afarensis (nicknamed Lucy when her skeleton is found), lives in the Afar Depression in Ethiopia within 50 miles of where her predecessor Ardi was unearthed | |
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| c. 2.6 million to 14,000 years ago |
| | The Palaeolithic era or Old Stone age begins, characterized by hominid and human use of unpolished chipped stone tools | |
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| c. 2.6 to 1.2 million years ago |
| | The earliest Palaeolithic era, known as the Lower Palaeolithic, covers the period before the emergence of homo sapiens in the form of Neanderthal man | |
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| c. 2.5 million years ago |
| | The earliest known chipped stone tools are made by hominids at Gona, in the Awash Valley in Ethiopia, close to the region where Ardi and Lucy lived many millennia earler | |
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| c. 2.2 million years ago |
| | Creatures of the genus Homo, classified as early modern humans, are living in east Africa | |
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| c. 2.2 to 1.4 million years ago |
| | Homo Habilis, the earliest widely acknowledged species in the genus Homo, lives in East Africa with a brain size much greater than the contemporary Australopithecus Boisei | |
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| c. 1.85 million years ago |
| | A hominid, nicknamed Twiggy and thought to be in the species Homo habilis, is living in East Africa | |
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| c. 1.8 million years ago |
| | A species of human in east Africa, Homo erectus, is probably the first identifiable ancestor of modern man | |
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