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| 1556 |
| | Humayun dies and Akbar, the greatest of the Mughal emperors, inherits the throne at the age of thirteen | |
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| 1549 |
| | Thomas Cranmer is burnt at the stake in Oxford, after reasserting his Protestant beliefs | |
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| 1556 |
| | The division by Charles V of his territories means that there are now two Habsburg empires, Austrian and Spanish | |
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| 1557 |
| | Sinan completes his masterpiece, the mosque of Suleiman I in Istanbul | |
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| 1557 |
| | The Portuguese establish a trading post on Macao, a small peninsula off the south coast of China | |
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| 1558 |
| | Elizabeth I succeeds peacefully to the throne of England, after the turmoil of Mary's Catholic reign | |
| | Bettes Elizabeth I (detail) National Maritime Museum
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| 1558 |
| | William Cecil, later Lord Burghley, becomes Elizabeth's principal secretary - and remains in the post for forty years | |
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| 1558 |
| | Mary Queen of Scots marries the heir to the French throne, who a year later succeeds as Francis II | |
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| c. 1558 |
| | With its strong French connection, the Scottish royal name of Stewart begins to be spelt Stuart (there being no 'w' in native French words) | |
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| 1559 |
| | John Knox returns to Scotland from Geneva and inspires the Protestants to march on Edinburgh | |
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