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| 1540 |
| | | Francisco Vasquez de Coronado penetrates far north and west of Texas in an expedition searching for gold | |
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| 1540 |
| | | Nicolas Oursian creates an astronomical clock for Henry VIII at Hampton Court | |
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| 1541 |
| | | Protestant reformer John Calvin settles in Geneva and submits the city to a strict Christian rule | |
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| 1541 |
| | | Suleiman I takes Buda (now Budapest), and by 1547 the Turks occupy almost the whole of Hungary | |
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| 1541 |
| | | Francis Xavier, companion of Ignatius Loyola and the first missionary of the Counter-Reformation, sets sail from Lisbon | |
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| 1542 |
| | | New Laws are passed in Spain, in an attempt to protect the Indians on the encomiendas of Spanish America | |
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| 1542 |
| | | Francis Xavier reaches Goa, at the start of the great mission to the east that will last the nine years until his death | |
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| 1542 |
| | | Pope Paul III establishes the Roman Inquisition, with the specific task of fighting against the Protestant heresy | |
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| 1542 |
| | | Henry VIII's fourth wife, Catherine Howard, is beheaded on a charge of adultery with Thomas Culpeper | |
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| 1542 |
| | | A one-week-old Scottish infant, daughter of James V, inherits the throne as Mary Queen of Scots | |
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