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| c. 500 BC |
| | | Parmenides is the first pure philosopher, using logic as a philosophical tool in his poem Nature | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The Celts, moving west from central Europe, settle in France and northern Spain | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The Chinese philosophy of alternating opposites is expressed as yin and yang | |
|  | Yin and Yang
Fotofile CG
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | Nok terracotta figures, found in modern Nigeria, stand at the beginning of the rich tradition of African sculpture | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The followers of Pythagoras discover the mathematical basis of the octave | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | Hockey, like polo, is a team game in the Persian empire | |
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| c. 500 BC |
| | | The Greeks add a third bank of oars to their war galleys, turning the bireme into a trireme | |
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| 499 BC |
| | | The Greek cities of Ionia rebel against Persian rule, with the partial support of Athens | |
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| c. 495 BC |
| | | Pericles is born in Attica, the son of distinguished parents and the great-nephew of Cleisthenes | |
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| 493 BC |
| | | After six years the Persians recover control of Ionia, but Athens is now identified as a target for invasion | |
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