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| c. 400 BC |
| | | Hippocrates, on the Greek island of Kos, founds an influential school of medicine | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | | The Upanishads, written over a long period from oral tradition, are the mystical texts of early Hinduism | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | | The Zapotecs create a great city at Monte Alban, continuing the Olmec culture | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | | Daodejing ('The Way and the Power') is the book of Daoism | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | | The kingdom of Magadha, with its capital at Rajgir (near modern Patna), emerges as the dominant power in north India | |
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| 399 BC |
| | | Socrates, convicted in Athens of impiety, is sentenced to death and drinks the hemlock | |
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| 396 BC |
| | | The Romans capture the nearby Etruscan town of Veii, beginning a long process of territorial expansion | |
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| 390 BC |
| | | Celtic tribes , pushing south through the Alps, reach Rome and sack the city | |
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| 387 BC |
| | | Plato establishes a school in Akademeia, a suburb of Athens | |
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| c. 380 BC |
| | | Central to Plato's philosophy is the theory that there are higher Forms of reality, of which our senses perceive only a transient shadow | |
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