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| 333 BC |
| | | At Issus, close to the Turkish border with Syria, Alexander defeats the Persian emperor Darius III, captures his family and treats them with courtesy | |
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| 333 BC |
| | | At Gordium, in central Turkey, Alexander is credited with cutting the mythical Gordian Knot (identifying him as the ruler of Asia) | |
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| 332 BC |
| | | Alexander moves south through Syria and Palestine, excluding the Persian fleet from their familiar harbours | |
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| 332 BC |
| | | Tyre, the only coastal city to offer serious resistance to Alexander, is taken and destroyed after a siege of seven months | |
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| 332 BC |
| | | Alexander the Great's army arrives in Egypt and the Persian governor of the province rapidly surrenders | |
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| 332 BC |
| | | In Memphis Alexander sacrifices to Apis, a sacred bull, and is crowned pharaoh by the priests | |
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| 332 BC |
| | | While in Egypt, Alexander founds Alexandria – the best known of the many towns he establishes to spread Greek culture | |
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| 331 BC |
| | | Alexander travels far into the desert, to a famous oracle of the sun god Amon (or Amon-Re) at Siwah, where the priest recognizes him as the son of the god | |
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| 331 BC |
| | | Moving northeast into Mesopotamia, Alexander again defeats Darius III (at Gaugamela), leaving Persia open to his advances | |
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| c. 330 BC |
| | | Aristotle tackles wide-ranging subjects on a systematic basis, leaving to his successors an encyclopedia of contemporary thought | |
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