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| | | | Conquest and Colonization |
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| c. 240 BC |
| | | Spain, with its mines of gold, silver and copper, is a hotly disputed region between Carthage and Rome | |
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| 227 BC |
| | | Sardinia and Corsica are annexed by Rome, becoming the second Roman overseas province | |
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| 201 BC |
| | | Carthaginian Spain is handed over to Rome to become two new provinces, at the end of the Second Punic War | |
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| 196 BC |
| | | The Romans, after defeating Macedon, announce at the Isthmian Games that all Greek states are now free under Roman protection | |
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| 121 BC |
| | | The Romans establish a province in the south of France, still acknowledged in the name Provence | |
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| -86 BC |
| | | Sulla, campaigning to the east, besieges Athens and then allows his army to loot the city | |
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| -80 BC |
| | | The 26-year-old Pompey conducts such a successful campaign in Africa that his soldiers hail him as Pompey the Great | |
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| 64 BC |
| | | Pompey takes Antioch and brings Syria under control as a Roman province | |
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| 64 BC |
| | | The Seleucid dynasty ends when Syria, the last remnant ruled by his family, falls to the Romans | |
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| 64 BC |
| | | Phoenicia is incorporated into the Roman province of Syria, with Tyre and Sidon retaining a measure of self-government | |
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