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More than 5000 entries on the history, culture and life of Britain (published in 1993 by Macmillan, now out of print)
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William Siemens
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(1823–83, kt 1883) German-born inventor, naturalized in 1859, who made important contributions in many fields but is remembered above all for the open-hearth process of steel-making (see *iron and steel). This was an application of the regenerative principle, pioneered with his German brother Friedrich (1826–1904), by which waste heat from a process is reused – in this case both to increase the temperature of the furnace and to heat the inflow of oxygen.
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